Justification
Limonium corinthiacum is endemic to Greece, where it is found on the Corinthian and Saronic Gulf coasts and on the southeastern coasts of Attica. The species has an area of occupancy (AOO) of 40 km², within an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 2,571 km², and is found in ten locations, based on current threats to the species. A continuing decline in the extent and quality of habitat is inferred, as its habitat is subject to residential and commercial development and expansion of the invasive plant species, Carpobrotus edulis. Therefore, this plant is assessed as Vulnerable (VU B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii)). It should be noted that previously, this species was assessed as Endangered in The Red Data Book of Rare and Threatened Plants of Greece, vol. 2 (Phitos et al. 2009), however due to the discovery of several new subpopulations and the expansion of its range, its status is now downgraded to Vulnerable.
Geographic Range Information
Limonium corinthiacum is a Greek endemic species, found on the Corinthian and Saronic Gulf coasts and on the southeastern coasts of Attica (Apostolopoulos et al. 2022). Initially, the species was described and known from one locality at the Cape Makrinikolas on the Corinthian Gulf, but it has not been found there since its description (Artelari and Georgiou 2009). It was collected near the locus classicus in 2002 at a place known as Gyalinammos Beach (Artelari and Georgiou 2009). Moreover, it was found at the coastal area between Perachora Peninsula and Megara town (Brullo and Erben 2016). Recent fieldwork confirmed the presence of the species at the southeastern coasts of Attica, between Porto Rafti town and Mikrolimano Kerateas settlement (Apostolopoulos 2022, Apostolopoulos et al. 2022), as well as at the coastal area of Galaxidi town, on the western coast of the Gulf of Itea. These latest reports revealed the westernmost and easternmost limits of the species' distribution. Ten locations can be counted for the species, based on the threats of residential and commercial development and invasive species that occur within its range.
Population Information
Limonium corinthiacum occurs in 13 small subpopulations, with each one containing more or less 200 mature individuals. Based on recent fieldwork, the total population size of the species is estimated between 2,000–3,000. There is no available information about population trends or past population size for the species. Several subpopulations are isolated in inaccessible locations and extensive fieldwork is needed to confirm some reports and possibly uncover new subpopulations of the species (Apostolopoulos et al. 2022).
Habitat and Ecology Information
Limonium corinthiacum is a chamaephyte (perennial, low growing plant, visible all year round) that grows on the calcareous, steep, rocky coast, even quite far from the sea, forming a belt up to 50–60 m wide (Brullo et al. 2017). It is found in the Habitats Directive listed habitat 1240 "Vegetated sea cliffs of the Mediterranean coasts with endemic Limonium spp." (Commission of the European Communities 2009).
Threats Information
Limonium corinthiacum grows on coasts which are heavily developed in terms of anthropogenic interventions such as tourism settlements, permanent residence areas, sports and leisure activities, shops and tourism activities. Consequently, habitat destruction and degradation due to residential and commercial development is a major ongoing and future threat for L. corinthiacum (Apostolopoulos et al. 2022). Another significant threat for L. corinthiacum is the expansion of the invasive plant Carpobrotus edulis into its natural range (Apostolopoulos et al. 2022). Carpobrotus edulis occurs with high frequency in Mediterranean coastal ecosystems, as it is often planted in front of holiday homes and recreational facilities, to retain and stabilize sand (Affre et al. 2010). However, this species spreads with underground rhizomes and creates new shoots, forming 'carpets' while often escaping property boundaries and expanding uncontrollably. It can pose a serious ecological problem by forming vast monospecific zones, lowering biodiversity, and competing directly with several plant species for nutrients, water, light, and space (Núñez-González et al. 2021).
Use and Trade Information
The species is not used.
Conservation Actions Information
A small part of the species` population occurs in a protected area (Habitats Directive Site - GR3000004), but apart from that, currently there are no direct conservation measures in place for Limonium corinthiacum. It is recommended to control the invasive species occuring in the taxon`s habitat and in the coastal zone in general. Raising public awareness, at least at the local level, could be useful as well and any destructive intervention for its habitat must be avoided. Further research is needed in order to better understand the ecology and the population dynamics of the species. A benign introduction (an attempt to establish a species, for the purpose of conservation, outside its recorded distribution but within an appropriate habitat and eco-geographical area) would be a feasible conservation tool in this case, along with ex-situ conservation in botanical gardens and seed banks.