Justification
The species is a tree that is naturally found in lowland primary and secondary forests, as well as on forested slopes and ridges, across various provinces and localities in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and the Philippines. Its estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,537,516.104 km², representing the 46 estimated locations based on available information. Despite the lack of knowledge regarding its population size, a continuous decline in its population is expected due to various threats including urbanization, small-scale and large-scale logging operations, shifting agriculture, and other unsustainable farming practices. However, despite these threats, it is currently assessed globally as Least Concern (LC) due to its numerous occurrences, wide distribution, and expected abundance. Nonetheless, it is important to implement conservation efforts, both in situ and ex situ, to prevent this species from being categorized as threatened in the future.
Geographic Range Information
It is a tree that typically grows in primary and secondary forests and can also be found on slopes and ridges at low elevations. The species is native to Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei Darussalam, and the Philippines. In Indonesia, its known localities include East, West, Central, and South Kalimantan, West Sumatra, South Sumatra, and Jambi province. In Malaysia, the species has been observed in Sabah and Sarawak, while in Brunei Darussalam, it is known to occur in the Tutong District. In the Philippines, the species is found in Palawan. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) of the species is 1,537,516.104 km². Based on available herbarium specimens, the species has been documented in 46 known localities across the three Southeast Asian countries (GBIF 2023). However, the species faces significant threats from land conversion and habitat degradation due to activities such as commodity-driven deforestation, forestry, urbanization, and shifting cultivation (Global Forest Watch 2023).
Population Information
There is no information on the population size of the species. However, a decline is suspected due to continuous loss of primary forests within its distribution range.
Habitat and Ecology Information
The species is a large tree, about 20-25 m high, that grows in lowland primary and secondary forests. It can also be found growing on forested slopes and ridges as well as in disturbed and logging areas. It has grey smooth bark, yellowish-green and very fragrant flowers, and brownish black fruits (GBIF 2023). Little is known about its habitat and ecology and there is no information on the phenology of the tree as well. Thus, further research, exploration, and inventory are needed to further understand and assess the species.
Threats Information
It is primarily threatened by land conversion and habitat degradation brought by commodity-driven deforestation, shifting cultivation, urbanization, and forestry activities such as logging. A significant loss of natural forests due to land use change was reported in its localities based on the analysed data from Global Forest Watch (2023).
Use and Trade Information
There is no information on the trade and use of the species. However, it may have potential uses similar to other species in its genus. Although there is no specific information for this species, the seeds of many members of this genus contain cyanogenetic glycosides. In very small quantities this has been used medicinally, having been shown to stimulate respiration and improve digestion, it is also claimed to be of benefit in the treatment of cancer. In excess, however, it can cause respiratory failure and even death. The seeds of many members of the genus contain an oil that is rich in the medically active compounds chaulmoogric and hydnocarpic acid. The oil has been shown to be an effective topical treatment for a range of skin problems (including leprosy), wounds, rheumatism. the oil can also be used as an illuminant and in soap making. The wood is light-brown and when it attains suitable dimensions, the wood of species in this genus is often used locally for house building (poles), temporary heavy construction, posts, fences, interior finishing, panelling, and door and window frames (Fern 2014).
Conservation Actions Information
The population of the species is protected in situ because of its presence in declared protected areas (PAs). In Indonesia, these are Batang Ai National Park, Bukit Tigapuluh National Park. In Malaysia, it is protected in Tangkulap Forest Reserve, Pinangah Forest Reserve, and Danum Valley Conservation Area. While in Brunei Darussalam it is within Bukit Ladan Forest Reserve and in the Philippines, the species occurs in protected areas, Malampaya Sound Protected Landscape and Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park. Although these PAs are supported by law, conservation of the species' population is not guaranteed due to several threats which may cause rapid population decline. In addition, the species is not listed in the Philippine Red List and therefore not protected by law against illegal collection or extraction from Philippine wild populations (DENR-BMB 2017). Thus, species-specific conservation programmes, including cultivation in botanic gardens for as ex situ collections are recommended to ensure its continuous survival.