This species is known from at least 50 localities from Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Viet Nam. It has a large extent of occurrence (EOO of 872,899 km²). It is known from at least four protected areas and it is likely to be under collected. It grows in savanna and semi deciduous and lowland evergreen forests in seasonally dry climates. Although this species has a widespread range and occurs in protected areas within its native range, the stability of suitable habitat both within and without these protected areas is not secure due to continued illegal human activities such as logging. There is a decline in the habitat, however, given the large extent of occurrence and the number of known localities, it is considered as Least Concern.

This tree species is known from Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Viet Nam.

Mukherjee (1985) reports that this species was frequent in the low and lower mixed forests of Pegu Yomah and dry deciduous forests and savanna of Thailand, however it is also reported in the same publication that this species was 'insufficiently known'. A decreasing population trend is suspected from the decreasing area and quality of suitable habitat within its native range.

This species is a tree up to 20 m tall and according to Bompard (2009), Mangifera caloneura is adapted to low rainfall and occurs in semi deciduous and lowland evergreen forests in seasonally dry climates. Mukherjee (1985) reports that this species was frequent in the low and lower mixed forests of Pegu Yomah and dry deciduous forests and savanna of Thailand.

The major threats to this species are deforestation and habitat destruction through conversion to agriculture and plantations. No species specific threats have been documented, yet threats to suitable habitat within this species native range are significant, and it is unknown whether the diverse human pressures occurring in the Sakaerat UNESCO-MAB Biosphere reserve, the Khao Yai National park and Pegu Yomah (see 'Conservation Actions Informmation') are prominent on a wider scale (although review of WWF major habitat types and terrestrial ecoregions suggests that this is the case).

Mangifera caloneura is cultivated for its small, yellow, acidic-sweet fruit, and has even been planted along the streets of Vientiane (Laos) and Ho Chi Minh City (Viet Nam) (Bompard 2009). It is also a wild relative (taxon group 3) of the cultivated mango (M. indica) (Kostermans and Bompard 1993) and therefore has potential uses in crop improvement through future breeding programmes.

This species is known to occur in at least four protected areas. This species is kept in at least three ex situ collections (BGCI 2022). 

The Khao Yai National park is reported to consist of over 80% good quality evergreen or semi evergreen forest, however human pressures are noted to be significant and diverse (heavily used roads, development, tourism, illegal logging, and significant land incursions and agricultural conversion along some areas of the park boundary due to the lack of a clear external buffer zone). The Thai government and other management are reported to be taking positive measures to help address these issues (such as complex wide tourism plans, limited access, creation of connectivity corridors, community conservation awareness programmes, better law and legislation enforcement), but it seems that many of the aforementioned threatening activities are ongoing (UNESCO World Heritage Centre 2022). Habitat clearance for agriculture may still be ongoing in Sakaerat Biosphere Reserve (UNESCO 2022). 

Mukherjee (1985) also reports that this species was reported as frequent in the low and lower mixed forests of Pegu Yomah (sometimes referred to as Pegu Yoma, Bayo Yoma or Bagu Yoma), a protected area of Myanmar. However this area was listed as having high need for additional investment (possibly linked to presence of Asian elephant) and of suffering loss of closed forest and considerable decline in quality of forests between 1995 and 2007, despite implementation of the 'Bayo Yoma Greening Project' between 2004 and 2009. This project involved conservation and protection of natural forests through enrichment planting, natural regeneration and establishment of plantations. 

Passive conservation within the aforementioned protected areas is presumed, however, considering the prominence of tree felling amongst the ongoing threats to these regions, further research to confirm presence is recommended. Further ex situ conservation is also recommended as the only living specimen that could be found is a single tree (estimated age 160-220 years) at Dokmai Garden which is thought to be the sole remnant of the old forest that was clearcut 60 years ago.