Justification
The species is a large tree that naturally grows in lowland primary forests in various provinces and localities in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Brunei Darussalam. Its extent of occurrence (EOO) is calculated at 4,079,243.480 km², which accounts for its 67 known locations based on available species information. While its current population size is unknown, it is expected to decline due to habitat loss caused by urbanization, small-scale and large-scale logging operations, shifting agriculture, and other unsustainable farming practices. Despite these threats, it is globally assessed as Least Concern (LC) due to its numerous occurrences, wide distribution, and expected abundance. However, both in situ and ex situ conservation efforts are important to prevent the species from being pushed into threatened categories in the future.
Geographic Range Information
The species is a tree that grows in lowland primary forests in the Philippines, Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, and Malaysia (Merrill 1923, GBIF 2023). In the Philippines, it is found in Laguna, Palawan, and Zamboanga. In Brunei, it can be found in Temburong, while in Malaysia, it is found in Sabah and Sarawak. In Indonesia, its localities are in North Sumatra, South Sumatra, Riau, Jambi, East Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, North Sulawesi, Gorontalo, Southeast Sulawesi, and Central Java. Based on currently available species information, it has 67 known localities, and its extent of occurrence (EOO) is 4,079,243.480 km² (GBIF 2023). The species is primarily threatened by land conversion and habitat degradation due to commodity-driven deforestation, forestry-related activities, urbanization, and shifting cultivation (Global Forest Watch 2023).
Population Information
There is no information on the population size of the species. However, a decline is suspected due to continuous loss of primary forests within its distribution range.
Habitat and Ecology Information
It is a large tree that grows in lowland primary forests. It can often be found in forested slopes and grows to about 15-45 m tall (Merrill 1920, 1923; GBIF 2023). It has oblong and coriaceous leaves and yellow fragrant flowers (Merrill 1923). Little is known about its habitat and ecology and there is no information on the phenology of the tree as well. Thus, further research, exploration, and inventory are needed to further understand and assess the species.
Threats Information
The species is facing significant threats from land conversion and habitat degradation caused by various human activities such as commodity-driven deforestation, shifting cultivation, urbanization, and forestry-related practices including logging. Based on the data analysed by Global Forest Watch (2023), a considerable loss of natural forests was reported in the species' localities. In the Philippines, the forest cover loss is as follows: 7,070 ha in Laguna, 163,000 ha in Palawan, and 103,200 ha in Zamboanga. Therefore, it is crucial to implement interventions and conservation actions to prevent further tree cover loss and population decline.
Use and Trade Information
There is no information on the trade and use of the species. However, it may have potential uses similar to other species in its genus. Although there is no specific information for this species, the seeds of many members of this genus contain cyanogenetic glycosides. In very small quantities this has been used medicinally, having been shown to stimulate respiration and improve digestion, it is also claimed to be of benefit in the treatment of cancer. In excess, however, it can cause respiratory failure and even death. The seeds of many members of the genus contain an oil that is rich in the medically active compounds chaulmoogric and hydnocarpic acid. The oil has been shown to be an effective topical treatment for a range of skin problems (including leprosy), wounds, rheumatism. the oil can also be used as an illuminant and in soap making. The wood of the species in this genus is often used locally for house building (poles), temporary heavy construction, posts, fences, interior finishing, panelling, and door and window frames (Fern 2014). The species was also used as a voucher specimen for anti-cancer and anti AIDS screening (GBIF 2023).
Conservation Actions Information
The species' population is currently protected in situ because it occurs in declared protected areas (PAs). In Malaysia, it can be found in Kabili-Sepilok Forest Reserve, Mt. Templer P.F. Reserve, Tinangat Forest Reserve, and Semenggoh Nature Reserve. Meanwhile, in the Philippines, the species occurs in the protected areas of Mount Makiling Forest Reserve and Pasonanca Natural Park, and in Indonesia, it is located in Bukit Duabelas National Park. However, even though these PAs are supported by law, the conservation of the species' population is not guaranteed due to various threats that may cause rapid population decline. Moreover, the species is not listed in the Philippine Red List, which means it is not protected by law against illegal collection or extraction from Philippine wild populations (DENR-BMB 2017). Therefore, it is highly recommended to implement species-specific conservation programmes, including ex situ cultivation in botanic gardens, to ensure its continuous survival.