Taxonomic Notes
The identity of Entoloma queletii seems to be indisputable, although a type sequence is lacking. It is normally an easily identified species. The current use of the name E. kervernii has often appeared by DNA-sequencing to be identical to E. queletii, although the original concept of E. kervernii is still unclear (Bálint Dima pers. comm.). The GBIF records from North America probably represent another species (E. albinellum is a North American species resembling E. queletii), and very few European Entoloma species occur in North America (M.E. Noordeloos pers. comm.).
Justification
Entoloma queletii is a species of semi-natural grassland and calcareous forest in Europe, up to subalpine areas. Its grassland habitats are declining due to changing agricultural practices, development projects and pollution (airborne nitrogen deposition). Over the distribution range we suspect a total habitat and population decline of 30-49% over the past 50 years (approximately three generations: one generation is assumed to be about 17 years). Habitat quality has also become impaired and the decline in population size over this time could be even higher. This decline in habitat is ongoing and expected to continue over the next 50 years. The species meets the thresholds for Vulnerable (A2ce+3ce+4ce).
Geographic Range Information
In GBIF (2021) about 320 records of Entoloma queletii appear from northern and central Europe (2021). In addition there are roughly 100 records of E. kervernii (from its broader use as opposed to it as originally described - see Taxonomic Note) from the same area, supposed to be identical to E. queletii. E. queletii is, with certainty, only known from Europe, where it occurs in many countries from the lowlands up to subalpine areas, especially in the northwestern part (UK and Scandinavia). The eastern limit is uncertain due to the lack of data.
Population Information
According to GBIF (2021) and national databases there are c.500 noted occurrences from Europe of Entoloma queletii and E. kervernii (here treated as probably actually E. queletii - see Taxonomic Note) altogether, partly from grasslands and partly from forests, with some differences between countries. The real number of localities might be 3,000-4000, each with an estimate of 10 individuals. The species is thus assumed to have a population of more than 20,000 mature individuals.
Based on available information on trends in seminatural grasslands, Griffith et al. (2013) estimated a habitat loss of 90% over the last 75 years for the CHEG-fungi (grassland fungi of Clavariaceae, Hygrocybe s.l., Entoloma and Geoglossaceae) as a whole in Western Europe. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO 2006), the area of grasslands in the EU declined by 12.8% over 13 years (1990-2003). Also other sources point to a habitat loss in seminatural grasslands of roughly 1% per year in Europe over a longer time, although the data quality is not always very good. The habitat quality of seminatural grasslands is also declining, strengthening the population decline. More than 75% of the grasslands habitats are in an unfavourable conservation status (EEA 2021). Grassland populations are suppose to have declined by nearly 50% in 50 years. As the habitat quality is also declining, the population decline could be higher. Much of European grasslands have bad habitat quality. Populations in forests and different calcareous forests are assumed to have declined by 15-20% in 50 years. Over the whole distribution range we assume a total habitat loss and population decline of above 30% over the past 50 years. This trend is ongoing and expected to continue in the future.
Habitat and Ecology Information
Entoloma queletii is one of many fungi of calcareous semi-natural grasslands, which also can be found in different forests types. In Finland, UK and Germany most records are from different (often moist) forest types (Lüderitz and Gminder 2014, A.M. Ainsworth pers. comm.). In Norway most localities are in calcareous semi-natural grasslands, with only 7-8% of localities in different (mostly calcareous) forest types (Jordal et al. 2016). In Czechia it is found in broadleaved forests (Alnus, Populus, Fraxinus, Betula) in mosses. It is also rarely found in rich to calcareous fens and limestone/chalk with shallow soil. It is mostly found in the lowlands, but goes up into northern boreal zone in Norway, and is found up to 1,220 m asl in Switzerland. The nutrient strategy is unknown. The fruit bodies are short-lived (weeks), but the mycelium is suspected to be long-lived; 50-100 years.
Threats Information
Habitat destruction and abandonment are the main threats to semi-natural grasslands. The most important process is probably overgrowing due to ceased grazing/mowing of old semi-natural grasslands as part of intensification of agriculture. Further modern cultivation methods like use of fertilizers, pesticides and ploughing are also threats, along with airborne nitrogen deposition. Also in some places changed land use with the construction of roads, industrial areas, settlements etc. Declines are expected to continue, as areas of semi-natural grasslands are of little economic importance in modern agriculture. Most CHEG grasslands (see Population) are among types assessed as VU, EN or CR in the EU Red List of habitats (Janssen et al. 2017). Forests have also been clear cut.
Use and Trade Information
No use or trade is known.
Conservation Actions Information
Its habitats should be protected against destruction due to intensification of agriculture or development plans. The maintenance of semi-natural grasslands demands yearly grazing or mowing. Grazing by heavy animals may destroy part of the soil; light animals like sheep should be recommended. Moist sensitive forests also need protection from drainage and other disturbances. Habitat conservation by governmental support for traditional agricultural practices is most important; this exists in many countries to maintain extensive agricultural areas, and should be extended to larger areas than today.
Further ecological research is needed to clarify the nutrient strategy of grassland Entoloma species. Management plans are also needed and habitat trends should be monitored.