Justification
This tree species occurs in Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 597,811 km2. Timber of this species, known as hububallii, is traded internationally. It is used for panelling, furniture and cabinet work. The impact of selective logging on the species monitoring is required. Currently due to harvest of the species in the wild and the ongoing demand for hardwood tropical timber, it is suspected that in the future the population of the species will decline, but there is no estimate of the scale of this decline, nor is there enough information to estimate past declines. Harvest management needs investigation and implementation to prevent the species facing a higher rate of decline in the future. Surveys are also needed to estimate past and future declines, but given our current knowledge of the species, and that it is widespread and common, it is assessed as Least Concern.
Geographic Range Information
This tree species occurs in Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana. The estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) is 597,811 km2.
Population Information
This species is recorded as common (Bhikhi et al. 2016). The species is suspected to experience ongoing population decline as it is harvested for timber. Currently, there is a recorded harvest of the species in Suriname and there is demand for timber of the species in China. It is therefore suspected that population decline will be greatest in the future. This will be driven by harvest in previously less heavily harvested areas and international pressure for the tropical hardwood timber species. The population decline for the species for the last three generations and over the next 100 years is not known. More information is needed on suspected declines.
Habitat and Ecology Information
This tree occurs in rainforest, savanna and swamp forest vegetation.
Threats Information
More information is required on the impact of selective logging on this species. In Guyana, selective over-harvesting of slow-growing timbers used for luxury furniture and impact-resistant flooring is reported as well as under-valued export of unprocessed logs in contravention of national forest policy and Customs law (Bulkan and Palmer 2016). In Suriname, an inventory and a management plan should be prepared prior to granting of a felling licence and the concessionaire must demonstrate the financial and technical capacity to properly implement the management plan. Weaknesses in the legal concession system have however been identified (Global Timber 2020). As the species is harvested from both these places and utilized internationally, logging is considered a major threat to the species.
Small scale gold mining in Guyana and Suriname is also responsible for deforestation. Land is cleared of all timbers and, in Suriname alone, small-scale gold mining is responsible for 73 percent of deforestation and has the greatest impact. Between 2000 and 2017 deforestation activities have increased by 23% with the loss of over 80,000 ha of forest and it is estimated that another 15,000 ha will be lost by 2018 (Tropenbos International Suriname 2019).
Use and Trade Information
Timber of this species is traded internationally. Known as hububallii or slagenhout, it is used for panelling, furniture and cabinet work (SurinameWood.com 2020). It is available from Guyana and Suriname. Annual timber production has increased rapidly in Suriname in recent years, unfortunately with insufficient capacity to control and ensure that the Forest Management Act is followed. Much of the timber exploration has been undertaken by Asian investors, with roundwood exported to countries with limited sustainability demands. Currently, with selective logging principles commonly used in the country and a low level of forest utilization (an average of 10.1 m3 per ha), overall timber harvesting is thought to be within the pre-defined limits of sustainability (Timber Trade Portal 2020). Industrial roundwood production for this species in Suriname was 826 m3 in 2012; 1,249 m3 in 2013 and 1,510 m3 in 2014 with 470 m3 of roundwood and 3 m3 of sawnwood exported in 2014 (Foundation for Forest Management and Production Control 2014). The timber of this species is used in China for interior decoration and penholders, but demand is low (Zhang Ke pers. comm 2020).
Conservation Actions Information
Policies of sustainable forest management apply to this species in Guyana and Suriname, but implementation problems have been identified. The species requires surveys and inventories to inform harvest management plans for the species, which should be supported by national and international legislation. International surveys should also confirm extent of population decline, current extent of use and ecology information to inform species action plans. The species should be identified and protected in in situ conservation areas and collected for protection ex situ. Monitoring of harvest and trade trends of the species is also essential.